Socrates, Plato, and Aristotels View on Happiness

What Is Happiness What is happiness, and how can one achieve true happiness? This is the ultimate question of life and what every person is seeking an answer to. Many feel that they have found their answer in belonging to the faith of their choice, but what is it that their faith teaches them that brings them happiness? The Philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle all have a similar view on what happiness is and how to achieve it. Aristotles view is based on Platos and Platos is based on Socrates teachings; this is why they are similar but they are all important and different with each philosophers personal views and beliefs. Socrates was a great man who was assassinated for his beliefs on the purpose of life and how to live†¦show more content†¦The first virtue is Temperance, where a person has the ability to control their own self. Self control and moderation lead to greater goods in life. Second virtue is Courage or the ability to will yourself to live and fully succeed as your part in s ociety. Wisdom is the third virtue which is held by the ruler. Wisdom is only found in communities that are ruled by kings that have seen the good or the Philosopher Kings. These three virtues lead to the fourth and final Cardinal Virtue, Justice. Justice is the excellence of function for the whole. When the community or society as a whole is functioning well and each individual is functioning in their place all of the individuals are happy. In the effect Plato believes that every person has their place and function in life and society and that if they perform their part well they will be happy. Also every individual has the choice to be happy. The choice to function well or inappropriately is the choice one must make to be happiest. Obviously inappropriate actions lead to unhappiness. In addition a well functioning society along with the well functioning individuals in it must follow the Four Cardinal Virtues. After all of these means have been met, then society and every person will experience true happiness. Naturalism is the belief that reality is the natural world. This belief and way of thinking was brought about by Aristotle; one of Platos pupils. In order to explain the four

Frank Jackson Functionalism Essay - 1403 Words

In this essay, the main focus will be on functionalism and its theory from the philosopher Hilary Putnam. This essay will explain what functionalism is and will show examples of functionalism and how it is used in daily in people’s lifestyles. Putnam’s theory is a brilliant theory, but has its flaws, which will be explained in more detail down below. The philosopher Frank Jackson has an objection towards functionalism and theory of the mind as a whole. I do believe that functionalism can provide a complete account of the nature of mind, but Putnam has minor flaws in his theory and my reasoning’s come from Jackson’s theory, which will be down below to justify my opinion. Functionalism is the doctrine that makes something a thought, pain, or†¦show more content†¦Putnam uses the Turing Machine example to introduce the term Probabilistic Automata. Probabilistic Automata is one concept of the Turing Machine that introduces the mind states is just functional states. The functional state of Probabilistic Automata consists of sensory inputs and motor outputs. ‘Putnam demonstrates how the sensory inputs and motor outputs are a part of a machine table’ (Suarez, pp.24). He illustrates how distinctive states are related to one another and how sensory and motor outputs are ‘transitional probabilities’ that are given to a machine table (p.434, Putnam). Hilary Putnam s main argument and theory is â€Å"being in pain is a functional state of the organism† (p.434, Putnam). Probabilistic Automata means that all organisms are capable of feeling pain and it is able to identify when organism are in pain. The theory of functionalism is what allows each organism to ‘model mechanically’, and it is able to calculate mathematically different situations that are relevant to functionalism (Suarez, pp.33). In The Nature of Mind, Chapter 21, Putnam compares functionalism and the brain state theory, and then compares functionalism and behaviorism. When he is comparing the theories he gives examples why functionalism is a better theory. For example, Putnam says, â€Å"Consider what the brain-state theorist has to do to make good claims. He has to specify a physical-chemical such that any organism is in pain, if and only if it possesses a brainShow MoreRelatedWhy Functionalism Is A Better Theory Than Identity Theory1231 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay, I am going to write a response to the objection raised by the functionalists towards identity theory. Identity theory is a form of physicalism; it states that a particular mental state is identical to a particular physical state of body and brain, for instance mental sensation such as pain is simply just the firing of C-fibres (Smart, 1959). This is a reductionist view as it reduces our psychological state to a materialistic and physical form. A prominent objection against identityRead MoreNationalism and Transnationalism in the Context of the European Union28567 Words   |  115 PagesErnest Gellner. Those authors are recognized as major theoreticians of this matter. Furthermore, in an attempt to redefine nationalism in the perspective of the transnational integration, additional theories by Rogers Brubaker, Hans J. Morgenthau, P. Jackson and J. Penrose, are reviewed. This requires a presentation of the historical and contemporary tendencies of the process of European Integration. Being aware of the fact that a literature on that subject has grown significantly in the last

Quebect Court †Employee VS Employer Free Essays

The appellant city hired a temporary employee through a personnel agency to work for 6 weeks as a receptionist and then for 18 weeks as a clerk. During the two work assignments, the employee’s wages were determined and paid by the agency, which submitted an Invoice to the city. The employee performed her work under the direction and supervision of a manager working for the city, The general working conditions, such as hours of work, breaks and statutory holidays, were dictated by the city. We will write a custom essay sample on Quebect Court – Employee VS Employer or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the employee had not been qualified or had experienced problems in adapting, the city would have informed the agency, which would have taken the appropriate action. The respondent union, which holds the certification certificate for most of the city employees, submitted a request to the office of the labor commissioner general under s. 39 of the Labor Code seeking, inter alai, to have the temporary employee included in the union’s bargaining unit. The labor commissioner found that the city was the employee’s real employer during the two assignments and granted the union’s request. On appeal, the Labor Court affirmed the decision. It acknowledged that the agency recruited, assigned positions to, evaluated, disciplined and paid the temporary employees, but concluded that the city as the real employer by focusing on the question of which party had control over the temporary employee’s working conditions and the performance of her work. The Labor Court also noted that there was a relationship of legal subordination between the city and the employee because the city managers directed and supervised how she did her day-to-day work. The Superior Court dismissed the motion in evocation brought by the city, finding that the Labor Court’s decision was not patently unreasonable. The Court of Appeal affirmed that Judgment in a majority decision. Held (Lurker’s-Dub © J. Assenting): The appeal should be dismissed. Per Lamer C. J. And La Forest, Ignition and Core J. To determine whether the Labor Court’s decision is patently unreasonable, it must be asked whether the decision was based on the evidence adduced and whether the Labor Court’s interpretation of the legislative provisions was patently unreasonable. The Labor Code provides few indications of how to determine the real employer in a tripartite relationship, and the definitions of the terms â€Å"employer† and â€Å"employee† found in the Code have had to be interpreted by specialized administrative tribunals. To identify the real employer in a tripartite relationship, a comprehensive approach must be taken. The criterion of legal subordination, which basically encompasses the notion of actual control by a party over the employees day-to-day work, and the criterion of Integration Into the a context of collective relations governed by the Labor Code, it is essential that temporary employees be able to bargain with the party that exercises the greatest control over all aspects of their work?and not only over the supervision of their day-to-day work. Moreover, when there is a certain splitting of the employer’s identity n the context of a tripartite relationship, a comprehensive approach has the advantage of allowing for a consideration of which party has the most control over all aspects of the work on the specific facts of each case. This approach requires a consideration of the factors relevant to the employer-employee relationship, including: the selection process, hiring, training, discipline, evaluation, supervision, assignment of duties, remuneration and integration into the business. Here, the Labor Court used a comprehensive approach by not basing its decision solely on the criterion of legal subordination. It certainly gave greater probative value to working conditions and the criterion of legal subordination, but it also considered other factors that define the employer-employee relationship, such as the role of the agency and the city with respect to remuneration and discipline, and the specific facts of the employee’s case. Nor did the Labor Court ignore the agency’s role in recruiting, training and evaluating the employee. However, it Justified giving predominant weight to working conditions and the legal subordination test by relying on the ultimate objective of the Labor Code. The purpose of certification is to promote bargaining between the employer and the union in order to determine the employees’ working conditions. According to the Labor Court, those conditions are â€Å"essential aspects of an employee’s experience†. The reasoning of the Labor Court, a highly specialized agency that has expertise in labor law and is protected by a privative clause, was not patently unreasonable. The Labor Court’s conclusion that the city was the employee’s employer for the purposes of the Labor Code does not lead too patently unreasonable result. The applicability of the city collective agreement to the employee during her assignments does not raise any major difficulties. Moreover, although the agency was the employee’s employer for the purposes of the Act respecting labor standards, no inconsistency can be found in the application of the Code and that Act. Each of the labor statutes has a distinct object and its provisions must be interpreted on the basis of their specific purpose. Moreover, this case relates to provisions of the Labor Code, specifically whether the Labor Court’s decision was patently unreasonable, and not to the Act respecting labor standards. The arrangement is not perfect. However, the relationship in question here is not a traditional bipartite relationship, but a tripartite one in which one party is the employee and the other two share the usual attributes of an employer. In such a situation, it is thus natural that labor legislation designed to govern bipartite After an analysis of the facts, the legislation and the cases, there is a basis for the Labor Court’s decision in the Labor Code and the evidence, and it is therefore not patently unreasonable. Per Lurker’s-Dub © J. (dissenting): Given the Labor Court’s exclusive and peccadillo Jurisdiction to determine whether an employee should be included in a bargaining unit, as well as the privative clause in the Labor Code, a reviewing court may only intervene if the Labor Court’s decision is patently unreasonable. While a high degree of deference is warranted in reviewing the Labor Court’s decision, if such a decision fundamentally contradicts the underlying principles and intended outcomes of the enabling legislation and interferes with the effective implementation of other statutes which support and protect employees, intervention by the reviewing court is in order. Here, the Labor Court was asked to interpret the â€Å"employer-employee relationship† within the scope of the Code’s regime governing certification and the collective bargaining process in the context of a tripartite arrangement. The modern rule of statutory interpretation holds, inter alai, that a court must adopt an interpretation that is appropriate in terms of its acceptability ? namely, the reasonableness of its outcome. Where an administrative tribunal contrives an absurd interpretation, it commits an error of law that warrants Judicial intervention pursuant to any standard of review. 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Human Rights Analysis Free Answers to Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Human Rights Analysis. Answer: The following essay is going to address the issue of human rights as it has been discussed in the provided case study. The topic seems to be hovering around the issues on double standard and hate speech. Since the4 social complexity is rising vehemently, and the social activists are on the mode of such understanding level, it has the opportunity of the senses which has been taking part in all sorts of formative activism. The essay has two parts. The first part is going to address the issues as indicated in the most respective genre of human rights and its generalising powers. It is going to be a discussion thread and the second part is going to analyse the details of the provided case study. There are certain level of critical understanding of the case analysis on double standard and hate speech. These two issues are extremely violent and conflicting while dealing with human being and his social interference. Creation of Thread Discussion: In general sense, threads are created in order to design a conversation level that has discussions on the topic and reply according to the concept building process. Following is the structure of thread that has constituted posting details on argumentative discussion on the double standard and human rights related issues. Student 1 Initial response to the Case Topic: While responding to the topic of discussion I have determined to carry on with the fact that my understanding on the subject hate speech and double standards is quite negative. I do not think that a person should be engaged in the position to raise his or her voice on the basis of religion. There are much more serious issues that can be dealt with. I have recently gone through two of the videos that portrayed outrageous speech of two different religious preachers and practitioners from two major Asian countries Bangladesh and India. Both of the countries have been in news for recent days because of constant growth of some sensitive issues regarding religious difference and conflict. Constant growth of religious difference and hatred between two of the major Asian religions- Hinduism and Islam has been quite outrageous in recent days when an Islamic clergy from Bangladesh disgraced his religious compatriot for attending so called Hindu festival poila baishakh- the New Year for the Be ngali community. On the other hand, several places in India is frequented by the Hindu armed forces who are supposed to celebrate Ram Navami- another Hindu festival. In these two scattered case, hate speech against each other has raised agitation among people against the other religions. Is this a state of country or a world that is called democracy? I do not think so because the entire world seems to be moving backward and people are sitting without a voice against the vehement practice. Reply from Student 2: In this case I have a say that most of the religious factors are not responsible. I think that most of the religious figures- especially the extremists are not ready to acknowledge the fair existence of the other religions. Religion is no longer limited to human race. It has rather extended its view to racism and gender bias. Hence we face such complexity in the modern age. How could one forget the Christian rage upon the Jews during Nazi period? Student 1 Reply: You may seem right, though there is no direct provision of involvement in religious aspect. Student 2 Reply: I do not agree to it at all because the first and the foremost cause of such hate speech is the counter version or reverse attack of what they have been undergoing for decades and centuries. People have a mindset that a particular religious group has proven themselves as vehement. Student 1 reply: This is because most of the cases the media does not play an unbiased role. As the media has the problem to b e biased and human right is not properly projected they are bound to create a misconception pertaining to this proble. Student 2 Reply: Yet, I think that this problem needs to be critically reviewed and addressed to a greater level so that a better world can be revived. Student 1reply: Agreed! A Reflective Insight on Hate Speech and Double Standard The European legal treatment of Islamophobic as well as homophobic speech does the illustration of the two horns of the impasse that the democratic states are facing to forbid hateful speech. From the perspective of U.S. First Amendment, the European approach to speech is having the involvement of Islam specifically, which is representing a worst-of-both-worlds standpoint, whereas regarding the extension of their approach in regard to racist hate speech, European legislators as well as judges have banned anti-Muslim as well as pro-terrorism speech (Khan 2015). Prosecuting the right-wing extremists to say or write matters that lack direct provocations towards violence are having certain probable negative aspects that have been reflected upon by other scholars. Such prosecutions might be having the propensity for turning the haters into victims as well as martyrs, and they might at times do the driving of hate institutions underground in ways that makes it very tough in monitoring them. The counter-balancing of these downsides are done by the significant symbolic message that are targeted by the full as well as equal polity members, who receive safety as well as status from the state. But, a negative aspect in this context is associated with the other vulnerable groups, which even though get targeted by hateful speech have not been banned, are still not full and equal members (Hasan 2015). Irrespective of the changes that occurred in the legislation such as the 2006 Racial and Religious Hatred Act in Britain, the years that followed Danish cartoons publication in 2005 did the witnessing of virtually no success in respect of appeals from Muslims towards national and global legal establishments for restricting the publication of the Prophets caricatures. Muslim governments as well as NGOs are continuously trying to do the persuasion of Western states for including Islam within the protective domain of their present laws regarding blasphemy or hate speech or creating a new legal aspect of religious insult or religious defamation. However, Danish prosecutors declined for inducting the editors or cartoonists at Fyllands-Posten in respect of speech that was associated with blasphemy or hate. Moreover, the Danish courts also did the rejection of a private complaint regarding defamation (Khiabany 2015). In fact, after the January 2015 terrorist attack on the offices of Charlie Hebdo as well as a Kosher grocery store in Paris, there occurred the juxtaposition of the French celebration regarding the right of the magazine in mocking the powerful as well as powerless in a similar way. In this context, it can be stated that the speech related prosecution of the French Islamists did the predation of both the Charlie Hebdo attacks as well as the 2014 anti-terrorism law. Hence, the signal sent by the legal responses states that the European society members are having the freedom for mocking Islam but not advocating radical Islamism (McGEE 2015). In the same manner, the Europeans are having the freedom for mocking Islam but not mocking minorities based on race. The Muslims in Europe have constantly raised their objection regarding a double standard. Human rights in many countries are complex and contentious. There may be a debate over the rights and responsibilities of citizens in a country. Countries have various laws pertaining to expressions of hate speeches against religions, races or other nations. However the matter faces different treatment in different country. For example, in Australia expression of hatred towards someone elses race, religion or caste is not serious an offence enough to be punishable by law. Even the Australian Human Rights Commission does not have the power to take an action against the agitator if no complaint is lodged. The victim is required to initiate the process by lodging a complaint the person. There are once again several extents to which these complaints go. While some complainants do not advance much further while there are cases which reach the court and cause much debate. Australia, though home to people of several origins does not deal with racist or hateful comments strictly. Less than 2 % complaints are tried or backed by court order and most of them are mediated by either removal of the hateful materials or seeking an apology (sbs.com.au 2017). The United Kingdom has stringent laws dealing with hatred speeches involving caste, race, religion, nationality and other individual aspect. The Public Order Act 1986 recognises comments condemning a person race, colour, nationality or ethnic origins. The person who threatens, abuses or expression racial hatred is liable with a maximum sentence of seven years, fine or both. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 imposes a sentence of six, fine or both. However, all hateful speeches may not be dealt with strictly in the country. Dale McAlpine, a Christian preacher was arrested for preaching homosexuality a sin on April 20, 2010. However, the jury decided not be prosecute the person and the police paid him compensation for arresting him. This action or treatment of a person spreading hate speech clearly goes against the British laws enacted to protect the dignities of its population with diverse origins. The freedom of speech is guaranteed in France to all citizens TheLaw on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881. The freedom to express does not empower a person to spread comments or speeches targeting other persons race, religion, ethnicity, physical deformity or any other attribute. It is both a civil and criminal office which attracts a year of imprisonment, a fine of 45000 or both. The Gayssot Act 1990 empowers a person to file a case if he considers articles in newspaper or any other print media hurts his sentiments. The Gayssot Act awards a person with a jail sentence for 5 years and 45000 for trying to demean the harm on Human rights inflicted by the Nazis during the World War II. For example, in 1974 a judge prohibited a poster of a film showing a half clad woman crucified to a cross which hurt the sentiments of the Christians. This showed that unlike Britain and Australia, the French authority is stricter when it comes to protection of human rights. Reference Bonotti, M., 2017. Religion, hate speech and non-domination.Ethnicities,17(2), pp.259-274. Chelini-Pont, B. and Ferchiche, N., 2015. Religion and the Secular State: French Report. Hasan, M., 2015. As a Muslim, Im fed up with the hypocrisy of the free speech fundamentalists.New Statesman,13. Khan, F. and Mythen, G., 2015. Double standards and speech deficits: What is sayable for British Muslims after Paris?.Sociological Research Online,20(3), p.2. Khiabany, G. and Williamson, M., 2015. Free speech and the market state: Race, media and democracy in new liberal times.European Journal of Communication,30(5), pp.571-586. McGEE, R.W., 2015. Hate Speech, Free Speech and The University.Akron Law Review,24(2), p.4. News. 2017. Explainer: how do Australia's laws on hate speech work in practice?. [online] Available at: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/05/09/explainer-how-do-australias-laws-hate-speech-work-practice [Accessed 21 Apr. 2017]. Schmidt, A. and Wiegand, M., 2017. A Survey on Hate Speech Detection using Natural Language Processing.SocialNLP 2017, p.1.