Essay on The Salem Witch Trials - 2608 Words

The Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witchcraft trials in Massachusetts during 1692 resulted in nineteen innocent men and women being hanged, one man pressed to death, and in the deaths of more than seventeen who died in jail. It all began at the end of 1691 when a few girls in the town began to experiment with magic by gathering around a crystal ball to try to find the answer to questions such as what trade their sweet harts should be of . This conjuring took place in the Parris household where a woman named Tituba, an Indian slave, headed the rituals. Soon after they had begun to practice these rituals, girls who had been involved, including the Master Parris daughter and niece, became sick. They had constant fits, twitched,†¦show more content†¦Tituba, like Good, was very poor. She worked as a servant in the Parris home and was a Carib Indian born in Barbados in the West Indies. Reverend Parris brought Tituba to New England when he was still a merchant, and after this she married John Indian who also worked as slave for Reverend Parris. Tituba was the person asked to aid with the girls illnesses by making a witchs cake to find their culprit and after this did not work, she was arrested four days later for being a witch herself. Each of these three women was examined by local Salem officials before they were sent off to await trial in a Boston jail. The girls, who these witches had supposedly inflicted sickness upon, were also present during these trials to show the court how much pain the three women had caused. During the trial Sarah Good kept insisting that she was not guilty but rather that she had been wrongly accused. When asked why she hurts the innocent children she responded, I do not hurt them. I scorn it. Then, she attempted to shift all blame onto Sarah Osborne who in turn responded with disbelief. She said that she was more like to be bewitched than she was a witch. While Good and Osborne were trying to defend themselves, Tituba confessed, most likely in fear of her Master, Reverend Parris. When asked who was to blame for all the possessed girls she responded, The devil for aught I know. Tituba told the wholeShow MoreRelatedSalem Witch Trials And The Witch Trial1494 Words   |  6 PagesFirst of all, I wanted to talk about what Salem Witch Trial is and who are the persons involve in this event. Salem Witch Trials, according to Encyclopedia Britannica is â€Å"A series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted â€Å"witches† to be hanged and many other many suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.† There are many people involve in Salem Witch Trials and I’ll be going to describe their role in this event, followed by the different case studiesRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And The Witch Trial Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagesaccused of witchcraft in Salem Village, Massachuset ts, many more died in jail, and around 200 people total were accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials. Records from the event indicate that the Salem Witch Trials started when a group of young girls began acting strange, claiming they had been possessed by the Devil and bewitched by local villagers. The Salem Witch Trials is a much debated event; historians argue over the motivation and causes behind the trials and executions, not overRead MoreThe Trial Of The Salem Witch Trials905 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction In January 1692, when a group of juvenile girls began to display bizarre behavior, the tight-knit Puritan community of Salem, Massachusetts couldn’t explain the unusual afflictions and came to a conclusion. Witches had invaded Salem. This was the beginning of a period of mass hysteria known as The Salem Witch Trials. Hundreds of people were falsely accused of witchcraft and many paid the ultimate price of death. Nineteen people were hung, one was pressed to death, and as many asRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials691 Words   |  3 Pageswere the Salem Witch Trials? The Trials happened in 1692 in Puritan Massachusetts, in a town called Salem. Nineteen men and women were hanged on grounds of practicing dark magic and making a pact with Satan (in other words, for being witches). Hundreds of people were imprisoned; several died there. Additionally, one man (of over seventy years!) was crushed to death with heavy stones and the lives of many were irrevocably changed. (Salem Witch Museum) IQ #2- How and why did the Salem WitchRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a prime part of American history during the early 17th century. During this time, religion was the prime focus and way of life within colonies. This was especially true for the Puritan way of life. Puritans first came to America in hopes of practicing Christianity their own way, to the purest form. The Puritans were fundamentalists who believed every word transcribed in the Bible by God was to be followed exactly for what it was. The idea of the devil controlling a womanRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials1866 Words   |  8 Pagessurrounding the cause of the Salem Witch Trials 1692 makes the topic captivating as many historian perspectives offer explanations for the causation of the trials, yet the personal context of each historian has determined its historic reliability. This questions the level of objectivity each historian has in their responses to the Trials. The aims and purposes of a historian, as well as their differing methodologies may alter the approach the have towards the investigation of the Trials. Many interpretationsRead MoreThe Trials Of Salem Witch Trials Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe notorious witch trials in Salem began in Spring of 1692. This started after a young group of girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, professed they were possessed by the devil. These young girls even went as far as accusing some local women of practicing witchcraft. As a frenzy spreaded throughout colonial Massachusetts, a specific court was summoned to hear cases. Bridget Bishop was the first convicted witch and she was hung in that June following her trial. Eighteen other people followed BishopRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials1635 Words   |  7 Pagesovercome was the Salem Witch Trials. The Salem Witch Trials occurred in 1692 and 1693 in colonial Massachusetts. â€Å"More than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft – the Devil’s magic – and 20 were executed† as detailed by Jess Blumberg on the web article A Brief History of the Salem Witch Trials (Blumberg 2007). The trials had a major impact on the American society and the effects could be seen in colonial America as well as today. Why did the injustice of the Salam Witch Trials occur and whyRead MoreThe Trials Of Salem Witch Trials1069 Words   |  5 PagesEven though the Salem witch trials were made to seem formal, they were actually subjective and not based on fact. Since there were multiple people being accused of witchcraft, the trials were short and quick to sentence. The witch trials lasted less than a year. The first arrests were made on March 1, 1692, and the final hanging day was September 22, 1692. The Court of Oyer and Terminer was dissolved in October of 1692. The Salem Witch Trials occurred in the spring of 1692, when a groupRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And Trials1320 Words   |  6 PagesSalem Witch Trials was a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in the Salem Village of the 17th century New England. The trials caused executions of many people but mostly women. Salem Witch Trials exposed the different roles men and women were supposed to play during the seventeenth century. Women were supposed to take on â€Å"wifely duties† such as, be mothers and housewives. Women were thought to follow the men. The trials also revealed that there were strict religious

marriage as a universal cultural trait - 4265 Words

INTRODUCTION Marriage is a latin word which mean to connect two opposite sexes for the basic human needs. There are two types of sexual relationship, one is matting, the other is marriage.The former is commonly exist among animals and the later is among men and women.we may say that animal mates’ but man marries.Mating is biological but marriage is social affair.It means that marriage is a socially sanctionted union of one or more men with one or more women in the relationship of husband and wife.On the other hand matting is between unmarried couples and is not approved by many societies. Therefore marriage is a legalized relationship but the sexual relation is consider only a part of marriage.It has many causes for example, the†¦show more content†¦However, these forms of marriage are extremely rare. Of the 250 societies reported by the American anthropologist George P. Murdock in 1949, only the Caingang of Brazil had any group marriages at all. Various marriage practices have existed throughout the world. In some societies an individual is limited to being in one such couple at a time (monogamy), while other cultures allow a male to have more than one wife (polygyny) or, less commonly, a female to have more than one husband (polyandry). Some societies also allow marriage between two males or two females. Societies frequently have other restrictions on marriage based on the ages of the participants, pre-existing kinship, and membership in religious or other social groups. Marriage has been around for thousands of years and even existed among Hunter/gathering peoples. However, the modern understanding of what it means to be married (I.e. love, monogamy, partnership) are mostly constructs of our Christian past. Marriage was and in some cases still is used as a way to forge relationships/alliances between two groups. For example, one tribe will send their daughter to marry another tribes son, because of that these two tribes now have a connection and a vested interest inShow MoreRelatedCultural Universal Characteristics Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagestogether and create a society we begin making traits that soon will define the society in which we made. However, there are two basic types of traits that form when a society is created. First is the cultural universal trait(s) which are common features of human behavior that can be found in virtually all societies. The second is culturally specific traits which are traits that form in a society that are uni que to that specific society. Of course there are traits that lie on the border line of these twoRead MoreMorality Essay565 Words   |  3 Pagesones behavior which is deemed moral or immoral is dependent upon cultural norms. Her argument is as such: 1. Different cultures have radically different moral codes 2. There are no objective moral principles i.e. all moral principles are culturally relative Rachels, a professor at the University of Alabama (Pojman 375) disagrees with Benedict and believes that morality is not relative. Furthermore he holds Benedicts Cultural differences argument to be invalid. One who sides with BendedictRead MoreMorgan and Tyler1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe evolutionistic theory refers to the biological concept of progress and development. The theory states that organisms were meant to increase in complexity, and later on included cultural and social evolution by comparing primitive tribal groups to modern society, and studying how certain aspects in the tribal groups were repeated all over the continent. Edward B. Tylor and Lewis H. Morgan brought the term evolution to anthropology, which makes them crucial to the growth and improvement of anthropologyRead MoreEssay about A Closer Look at Sociological Theories1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way of life of a people. Cultural theories are thus tools that give understanding to values, codes, norms discourses, ideologies and pathologies. Theory offers a model of influence through which culture exerts on social life and social structures. Theories play a role in the provision of stability, opportunity and so lidarity or as in this article means to understand and resolve conflict (Burton et al.). This writing focuses on sociological theories in the cultural setting of Jena in LouisianaRead MoreFairy Tales And Folk Stories1668 Words   |  7 Pages but the portrayal of a good woman as a passive, beautiful girl waiting for your prince to arrive has changed. The story presents â€Å"idealizations which reflect culture’s approval, make the female’s choice of marriage commendable, indeed predestined† (Rowe 239). This is not to say that marriage is a bad choice for women, but that the way the female character’s main goals being solely romantic perpetuates stereotypical gender roles and limits women with this feminine expectation. This simplified portrayalRead MoreTruth Is Culturally Relative1639 Words   |  7 Pagesto judgement and interpretation, thus, truth can only be obtained gradually, through a never ending task. This process of understanding finds its anci ent roots in Greece, in the VII-VI century B.C., when philosophy was born and the slow loss of universal certainties has started. The very first interest of philosophers was that to define the concept of Being, a wide notion that embraces objective and subjective features of reality. Throughout the philosophy of truth, objectivism and subjectivism leadRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe understanding of social, historical and cultural contexts through the reflections of illicit and explicit similarities and differences in the values and attributes presented. Jane Austen’s 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice and Fay Weldon’s 1993 epistolary text Letters to Alice, both challenge the worth of their time as contexts change, but values are upheld. Weldon’s reflection on Austen’s nineteenth century environment, conveys to responders how marriage, gender roles and social class continue toRead MoreThe Vs. The Purple Crayon And The Frog King Or Iron Heinrich1723 Words   |  7 Pageswonder, are meant to teach children morals and demonstrate to them the traits they need to successfully function in society. These tales are sustained, generation after generation, in our collective consciousness as literary manifestations of our values. But to what extent is this consciousness collective? Are these morals consistent globally or do they vary from culture to culture?According to Bruno Bettelheim, morals are universal and fairy tales are the ultimate means of teaching them. However, inRead MoreWhat Is Human Nature?1735 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 18th century, the Enlightenment period was occurring. This produced two products during the time period. First, humans were able to possess a newfound understanding of general principals in which the world works. They wanted to know all about universal human nature, such as why all human beings are alike. Secondly, out of the Enlightenment, we have an intellectual ability to understand the world through science. Defined, science is an empirical methodology in which accurate descriptive data isRead MoreArguments for and Against the Practice of Arranged Marriage1701 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst the practice of Arranged Marriage According to Encyclopà ¦dia  Britannica (2009), for Indians, most marriages are arranged by family elderly based on caste, degree of cognation, financial status, education (if any), and astrology. In the article entitled â€Å"Marriage: Is love necessary?† in Little India on 2nd June 2007, Sudhir Kakar upholds the practice of arranged marriages among Indians. The article focuses on how the establishment of an arranged marriage is tantamount to the vision of love

Shangri-La Hotel Stp free essay sample

These information will be mentioned and it is used to prepare for the major business report. Retrieved from http://www. shangri-la. com/en/corporate/aboutus/overview Table of content Introduction An international hotel is the hotel that has a chain in many countries but not just in one country. To compare with the normal hotel, international hotels are easier to satisfy different customers from all over the world, because they have more experience to treat the international customers. By contrast, the major customers of normal hotel are generally domestic customers.Industry background Organization’ background In this report, the Hong Kong luxury international hotel Shangri-la will be used. The first Shangri-la hotel was built in Singapore in 1971 and gradually became the most successful hotel in Asia and can be seen in many western countries, however, their major market is in Asia. Then they set stock exchange in Hong Kong in 1995. Competitors As we all know, nowadays, the tourist industry is developing fast that many countries need more international hotels. We will write a custom essay sample on Shangri-La Hotel Stp or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shenzhen is a seaside city, many tourist go to the beach, Sheraton is a five star holiday hotel, which means their aims are different from Shangri-la, because Shangri-la is luxury hotel but Sheraton is a resort hotel. However, they are still competitors, having different strategies. Hilton hotel is similar to Shangri-la, they are both luxury hotel and they both seated in the city centre in Shenzhen. Also in the international area they are competitors. Environment In the series of factor of environment, the factor influence Shangri-la most is the cultural, political and economic forces, which are belong to macro-environment.It is a luxury hotel so they always need to face the changing situation of economic environment, when people’s income fall, it will affect their decision for hotel when they are travelling. The reason why cultural environment will affect them a lot is that they need to satisfy different customers in other countries, for example, they should justify style of decoration to make the local customers comfortable and make the customers from different cultures feel surprise and curious. Product categories A luxury hotel focus on bringing luxury services to customers because their main products are series of services.Shangri-la hotel in Sydney , for example, they have Spa services in the hotel, which is base on Chinese Spa theory, is called Chi. They also open a romantic Blu bar at night, it is a wonderful place to have a little drink. Of course, they have the basic service of a hotel, hotel room services (Shangri-la hotel, 2010). Marketing segmentation Firstly, a organization need to know what kind of customer will use their product or services, so they need to know the marketing segmentation of their organization.For Shangri-la, a luxury hotel, their segmentation focus on socioeconomic situation which is belong to demographic environment, customers’ behavior because they always face the high class customers, the customers who let them made the most of profits. Marketing targeting After segment the market, the organization need to target a specific market, or can be called the most important market to them from the segmentation. They can use undifferentiated marketing or differentiated marketing or concentrated marketing strategy. As a famous luxury hotel, Shangri-la use the differentiated strategy to distinguis h themselves and their competitors.

The Biological Basis of Sleep

Introduction Sleep is a mental and physical state in which one becomes inactive and unconscious of the environment around him or her (Borbà ©ly, 2003). In the real sense sleep is just a partial disconnection from the world in which outside stimuli are obstructed from the senses. Normal sleep is indentified by a general reduction in most of the body functions including blood pressure, temperature, and the breathing rate. This is contrast to the human brain that never reduces in activity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Biological Basis of Sleep specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The brain is always active whenever a person is a wake or a sleep (Berger, 2007). A normal human being sleeps for eight hours. These eight hours are divided into two equal parts. The first part is the rapid eye movement, and the second is the non-rapid eye movement. The two parts form a cycle (Ishimori, 2004). The intention of this pape r is to look at the basis of sleep in relation to the biological mechanisms that cause people to sleep and stay awake. History of Sleep The history of sleep is believed to have been introduced by a psychologist professor at the University of Nagoya in Japan about one hundred years ago (Bayliss, 2006). The psychologist proposed a theory that explains the concept of sleep regulation. Kuniomi Ishimori and Heni Pieron neuroscientist state that, a hormonal chemical and not the neural network (Ishimori, 2004) cause sleep regulation. In earlier researches, researchers took some samples that were sterilized and dialyzed from dogs that had sleep then injected to the brains of the dogs that had no sleep. The dogs that received these samples fell after a short time. The scientists went ahead and took samples from normal dogs that did not have any sleep then introduced into the brains of other normal dogs without any sleep (Berger, 2007). The response showed that the recipient dogs did not slee p. This research indicated that there are substances that cause sleep known as â€Å"endogenous sleep-promoting substances.† Although the contradiction fact is that the nature of the chemical substances that caused sleep was not identified. Various research groups carried out their research and reported more than thirty endogenous sleep causing substances. In most cases, their physiological relevance was uncertain. Tokyo igakkai Zasshi from Japan published the first Ishimori’s paper entitled â€Å"true cause of sleep _ a hypogenic substance as evidenced in the brain of sleep deprived animals,† in the year 1909. Ishimori made further suggestion that when a person continuously stays a wake, it may also cause accumulation of factors that cause sleep in the brain (Borbà ©ly, 2003). Currently this is referred to as homeostatic sleep regulation. Starling and Bayliss discovered â€Å"scretin† in 1902. This is in relation with the existence of blood-borne messen gers. The new idea of hormonal control of the body functioning became quite fashionable and popular in those days.Advertising Looking for essay on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hans Berger a Germany neurologist in Jena invented an electroencephalogram (EEG) that records brain waves in 1920s. The discovery facilitated the qualitative and quantitative analysis of sleep. Until then, sleep was regarded as an unapproachable phenomenon mainly because it could not be explained scientifically. Kleitman and his coworkers discovered rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in Chicago. This discovery took place in the year 1953 in human beings (Bayliss, 2006). Jouvet and his group in Lyon identified that sleep is never a uniform phenomenon, and it consists of two main different stages. Sleep and wakefulness are the major complex, phenomena. Furthermore, sleep is divided into two parts: the REM and the non-REM sleep can easily be determi ned by examining the animal’s behavior (Berger, 2007). The authors suggest that it needs more accurate measurement of sleep and wake pattern by the use of the electrooculogram (EOG), the recording of the movement of the eye, EEG and (EMG) electromyogram, the recording of the tension of the muscles (Ishimori, 2004). When a normal, healthy person goes to sleep at eleven, the first step in sleeping starts with the NREM and then followed by the REM sleep. This makes a cycle in the sleeping pattern. As in the example, it all begins with the NREM that which progressively becomes deeper. It takes around four to five cycles in which one take about 90 minutes; arousal comes after the concluding REM sleep (Borbà ©ly, 2003). This principle has been in existence for a long time and yet the physiological regulatory mechanisms and the meaning have completely remained a mystery. Alexander Borbely from the Zurich University in Switzerland came up with his two famous process model that show sleep regulation in 1982. He argues that homeostatic process is entirely controlled by sleep pressure or sleep propensity that build up during the wakefulness period. The process is related to the Ishimori’s thus the name Ishimori-Pieron type. On the other hand, a biological or pacemaker clock that is independent of the prior waking and sleep determines the circadian process well known as the sleep-wake sequence during the night and day. This clock is found in the body of the animals. Researches indicate that Ultradian process can generate alternation of REM and NREM sleep (Pià ©on, 2003). From a scientific point of view, the molecular mechanisms that explain the sleep- wake regulation in all the processes have remained unknown.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Biological Basis of Sleep specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sleep and Prostaglandin Prostaglandins (PGs) are the lipid mediators (Bayliss, 2006 ). There are more than thirty kinds of prostanoids, which are known worldwide. The compounds are distributed extensively in all mammalian organs and tissues. They have a diverse and numerous biological effects on various pathological and physiological activities in the body, and that is why they are sometimes called local or tissue hormones. In 1980s, the scientists discovered the most common prostanoid in the mammalians and mostly the rats and human beings (Berger, 2007). According to their findings, they suggest that PGD2 can be a distinctive component of the brain and might be having some essential function in the organ. They found out that when PGD2 cause sleep to rats when it is microinjected in the brains (Pià ©on, 2003). This was a notable achievement, and they decided to carry on with the study to the molecular mechanism and the physiological significance. Inoue and Honda from Tokyo Japan first designed the bioassay analysis system for sleep. The analysis of the structure i s as follows: through microinjection pump, the chemical PGD2 is injected gradually and constantly through a cannula which is chronically rooted in the 3rd ventricle of a rat . The stages that the rat undergoes to sleep are determined using polygraphic recording of EMG and EEG. Other aspects like food intake, water intake and brain temperature, are monitored and the general behavior of the rat is recorded using a video recorder under infra-red light. The rats are nocturnal animals that sleep most of the daytime, and remain active during the night. The outcome of the research showed that when the PGD was constantly injected in the third ventricle of a rat, the REM and the NREM sleep improved significantly during injection time. PGD2 caused the effect since the other PGs were ineffective (Borbà ©ly, 2003). The experiment mostly depended on the dose and the little picomolar quantity of PGD2 given to per minute it was enough to cause excess sleep to the rat. The quantity of the PGD2 tha t required causing sleep corresponded quite closely to the normal concentration inside the brain (Pià ©on, 2003). The results indicated that pharmacologically high doses are not necessary, and it can imply that the difference in the concentrations of PGDs which ordinarily occur in the brain have the ability to control sleep under physiological circumstances (Berger, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most important aspect is that the PGD2 stimulated sleep was the same as the physiological sleep just as shown by electrophysiological principle and conduct that involves power spectral data. Contrary to PGE2, the PGD2 is never pyrogenic, but in the real sense, it caused little amounts of reduction in temperature as seen to happen throughout the physiological sleep (Ishimori, 2004). Others experiments, that were carried out, in Japan with monkeys, Mocaca mulatta, indicated clearly that PGD2 could induce natural or physiological sleep (Bayliss, 2006). The sleeping pills and drugs cause quite different sleep from the physiological sleep or the natural one. This shows that PGD2 is a true sleep hormone. Sleep-wake regulation The discoveries in the experiments above explain how sleep can be introduced to an animal from the beginning until it gets into a deep sleep. Then the next part is to identify if the same experiment can apply in the process of waking up the animal from the sleep explaining the wake sleep process. Philos published the brief summary of the experiment in the year 2000. The article observes that the main enzyme that induces sleep is mainly found in the arachnoid membrane and the choroid plexus. After this enzyme is generated, PGD2 is secreted into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and then flows inside the subarachnoid and ventricular spaces. The PDG receptors known as the DPRs are localized on the little area on the ventro-rostral plan of the basal forebrain. PGD2 that circulates in the CFS binds the receptors at the point where the sleep signal is generated (Pià ©on, 2003). The signal passes through the parenchyma brain to the ventrolateral preoptic area VLPO), which is a centre for sleep, across the pia membrane (Ishimori, 2004). The process is mediated through adenosine by A2A adenosine receptor. VPLO cast to the tuberomammilary centre (TMN) (Berger, 2007). The scientists, Oishi and coworkers, found out that adenosine from the TMN cause sleep by h indering the histamnergic structure via A1 receptor (Bayliss, 2006). This implies that PGD2 induce sleep by facilitating the functioning of sleep neurons (Borbà ©ly, 2003). On the same point, wake materials like orexin or PGE2 thruogh the histamine mechanism support an organisms’ wakefulness. According to the scientists, it is their view that the work on wakefulness still requires great attention and it forms the basis of greater basis for more investigation. Stages of sleep Sleep has four main stages. It starts from dozing and continuously progresses into a unusually deep sleep. Stage one The stage is can be termed as a doing stage. In this stage, five percent of the non-REM is spent. It is the transitional phase of the exact light sleep. The birthing rate, and the muscles start to relax and a person can be easily awakened (Berger, 2007). A person may feel a hypnic jerk during this period, the tendency to fall asleep and come back easily. After the rush of activities, the b ody starts to get into a slight slumber. The EEG at this stage is low, and the eye movements are slow. The eyes roll slowly as though closing and opening. Stage two This is the official onset of a consolidated sleep. A bout forty-five percent of the non-REM sleep is covered in this step (Pià ©on, 2003). The eye movement stops then the brain waves enlarge. There are two distinct brain waves in this stage, K-complexes and spindles (Borbà ©ly, 2003). A sleep spindle is a design by which EEG waves that consist of a burst of eleven to fifteen hertz wave that last from five to fifteen seconds. A K complex has quite a high voltage of EEG activity. It consists of a sharp downward constituent then followed by a slow upward constituent. This pattern lasts for over five seconds. Stage three As the sleep advances deeper and deeper, it becomes extremely difficult to arouse someone at this stage. An individual may spend about twelve percent of the non-REM sleep in stage three. Real slow wave sl eep starts with slow and large wave in amalgamate little, faster ones. Stage four This stage is normally characterized by extremely deep sleep. It mostly spends round seventy-five percent non-REM sleep, and thirteen percent of this part is spent in the last stage (Berger, 2007). An individual in the last two stages is more difficult to wake than an individual who is in the first two stages (Bayliss, 2006). People who wake up from sleep normally feel disoriented and groggy for some time. REM sleep This is the period that a person may experience dreams. During this time, there is an irregular breathing, periodic eye flattering, there is also an irregular heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature. This makes a difference between non-REM and REM sleep stages (Ishimori, 2004). In other words, the REM is referred to as paradoxical sleep since brain wave activities is almost similar to a wakened state. During this stage, the brain obstructs all signals towards the muscles and they re main immobile so that the dreams cannot be acted out (Pià ©on, 2003). Most adults spend a round twenty to twenty-five percent of their sleep in REM. Conclusion The biological basis of sleep is dated back to more than one hundred years ago. Kuniomi Ishimori and Heni Pieron laid the foundation of sleep through their research done in Japan. The later physiologists identified that sleep can be classified into two main groups. These are the REM and the non-REM (Bayliss, 2006). All the two parts come in different stages, that is beginning from stage one up to stage four, all the stages follow one another from the beginning of sleep to the time a person wakes up. There is still more room for other scientists to make the research and prove the sleep phenomenon. Top of page Abstract HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION PROSTAGLANDIN (PG) AND SLEEP PROSTAGLANDIN (PG) D SYNTHASE, THE KEY ENZYME IN SLEEP REGULATION MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SLEEP–WAKE REGULATION BY PGD2 AND E2 ROLE OF PGD2 IN THE CIR CADIAN PROCESS THE ROLE OF PGD2 IN THE HOMEOSTATIC PROCESS HUMAN EXPERIMENTS IN SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONFLICT OF INTERESTS REFERENCES References Top of page Abstract HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION PROSTAGLANDIN (PG) AND SLEEP PROSTAGLANDIN (PG) D SYNTHASE, THE KEY ENZYME IN SLEEP REGULATION MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SLEEP–WAKE REGULATION BY PGD2 AND E2 ROLE OF PGD2 IN THE CIRCADIAN PROCESS THE ROLE OF PGD2 IN THE HOMEOSTATIC PROCESS HUMAN EXPERIMENTS IN SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CONFLICT OF INTERESTS REFERENCES Bayliss, W.M. (2006). Starling EH. The mechanism of pancreatic secretion. J. Physiol. Chicago: Harvard Publishers Berger, H. (2007). ÃÅ"ber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen. J. Psychol. Neurol. Chicago: Harvard Publishers Borbà ©ly, A.A. (2003). Two process model of sleep regulation. Hum. Neurobiol. New York: Macmillan Publishers Ishimori, K. (2004). True cause of sleep – a hypnogenic substance as evidenced in the brain of sleep-deprived animals. Tokyo: Igakka i Zasshi. Pià ©on, H. (2003). Le problà ©me physiologique du sommeil. Paris: Masson et cie. This essay on The Biological Basis of Sleep was written and submitted by user Amelie A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.